Nevus

Benign pigmented or nonpigmented lesion on the eyelid or eyelid margin with rare tendency for malignant transformation. 

Papilloma

Benign, slowly evolving tumor of the eyelid mostly found in the elderly. 

Chalazion

Benign, inflammatory tumor of the sebaceous gland. 

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Malignant tumor arising from the epidermis that can appear as a nodular, nodulo-ulcerative, or sclerosing lesion.  Complete resection is important.    

Sebaceous Carcinoma

Malignant tumor arising from the sebaceous glands that can invade the surface of the eye and grow into the orbit.  This tumor tends to arise in elderly women most often and has a greasy yellow color and loss of eyelashes.  Complete resection is important.  

 Squamous Cell CarcinomaMalignant tumor of the epidermis in patients with heavy sun exposure.  This can be treated surgically or with topical creams. 

Pingueculum

Benign degenerative tissue on the eye in the sun exposed regions that can look like an ocular surface tumor. 

Pterygium

Benign tumor on the eye in which the conjunctival tissue overgrows onto the cornea.  This can simulated squamous cell carcinoma. 

Cyst

Benign fluid-filled lesion. 

Nevus

Benign pigmented or nonpigmented mass on the eye surface.  This is the most common tumor of the conjunctiva.  Detection occurs in children and young adults.    

Primary acquired melanosis

Prelmalignant pigmented condition causing brown discoloration of the ocular surface.  This condition carries relatively high rate for transformation into melanoma.  

MelanomaMalignant tumor of the conjunctiva that arises from long-standing nevus, primary acquired melanosis, or de novo.  Early, complete resection is important.  

Squamous Cell CarcinomaMalignant tumor appearing as a foamy, yellow-white vascular mass on the ocular surface.  Treatment can be surgical or with eyedrops. 

Lymphoma

Malignant tumor that can occur with systemic lymphoma.  Tends to hide in the upper or lower quadrants deep behind the eyelids. 

Cyst

Benign condition that can occur in the iris stroma (front of iris) or iris pigment epithelium (back of iris).  Some can be observed while others need surgical treatment. 

Nevus

Benign tumor appearing as a brown or yellows spot on the iris stroma.  

Melanoma

Malignant tumor often detected when small size so prognosis is usually favorable.     

Nevus 

Benign tumor that classically remains stable.  Can lead to reduced visual acuity.  Can transform into melanoma. 

Melanoma 

Malignant tumor with relatively high risk for metastasis.  Classified into small, medium, or large sizes.  Often treated with radiation or eye removal.

Hemangioma 

Benign tumor that can leak and result in poor vision. 

Metastasis 

Malignant tumor that spread to the inner eye from remote site such as cancer of the breast or lung.

Lymphoma 

Malignant tumor often associated with similar tumor in the abdomen. 

Pseudomelanoma 

Conditions that simulate malignant melanoma. 

Nevus 

Benign tumor. 

Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy

Hemorrhagic retinal disease of the elderly. 

Retinoblastoma

Clinical features- Most common presentation is with leukocoria (white pupil) or strabismus (crossed eye). The tumor appears as a yellow-white mass in the retina of small  , medium, or large size. Often there is a large retinal detachment. 

• Genetic testing – Performed on all children to investigate chromosome 13.

• Treatment

  • Intravenous chemotherapy (chemoreduction) 

  • Subtenon’s chemotherapy

  • Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC)

  • Intravitreal chemotherapy (melphalan)

  • Plaque radiotherapy

  • Cryotherapy/Thermotherapy

  • Enucleation

Astrocytic hamartoma

Benign retinal tumor, sometimes found with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. 

Coats disease

Benign vascular abnormality where the retinal vessels leak yellow exudation and fluid.   

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy

Benign vascular condition with leakage and possible hereditary trait. 

Vasoproliferative tumor

Benign vascular tumor with leakage. 

Hemangioblastoma

Benign vascular tumor with leakage, and often associated with von Hippel Lindau disease. 

Lymphoma

Malignant tumor of the retina and vitreous that can be associated with brain lymphoma. 

Combined hamartoma

Congenital benign tumor that often leads to poor vision. 

Congenital hypertrophy of the RPE

Benign flat tumor often confused with nevus or melanoma.   

Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma

Rare tumor that is nodular, pigmented and slowly grows over many years. 

Sclera

Sclerochoroidal calcification

Benign chronic calcification of the eye wall. 

Solitary idiopathic choroiditis

Benign inflammatory focus of the eye wall. 

ORBIT TUMORS

Inflammatory

Pseudotumor (idiopathic orbital inflammation)Rapid onset inflammation and pain in the tissues around the eye.  Responds to oral prednisone. 

Vascular